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actual distributions fall somewhere between the Gauss and Cauchy distributions Since the famous analysis of cotton prices (Mandelbrot 1963), the financial industry has accumulated the intriguing observations (Mandelbrot 2004) that (1) price changes do not follow a Gaussian distribution (cotton, wheat, Dow, Standard and Poor s 500, Japanese yen/US dollar exchange rate, deutschemark/US dollar exchange rate) but have fat tails; (2) the kurtosis (the fourth central moment divided by standard deviation raised to the fourth power) of experimental distributions is often significantly higher than 3 the value followed from the Gaussian distribution; and (3) the longer memory effect indicates non-Markov properties of prices and contradicts the efficient price theory which is based in the historical independence of prices.

It provides a connection-oriented session service and a connectionless session service to the WAE. The former and the latter operate over the Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP) and the Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP),respectively, which are described as follows.

If we try to place the three fundamental theoretical points stated in the previous paragraph into some coordinate system of only two dimensions, then one dimension should correspond to the underlying distribution of price changes This dimension can get its scale from the kurtosis of the distribution, where the kurtosis of value 3 based on a Gaussian distribution would indicate the pivotal point (a line) in this coordinate system Because all three approaches are based on the Gaussian bell curve distribution, all three points must be placed on one line corresponding to the kurtosis value 3 Three points, which are not on one line, constitute a triangle a shape that is quite stable and rigid from an engineering point of view A unique foundation plane can be drawn using these three points However, our points are on one line The plane can rotate around this line.

An entire building can easily turn upside down In addition, the evidence summarized by Mandelbrot and Hudson (2004) means that our line can vibrate! This is because the common denominator Brownian motion, ingeniously selected by Louis Bachelier (1900) as the first theoretical vehicle is the basis of all three approaches and can cause the entire line to shift at one time The building is on a shaking plane, which can rotate! Can we think of this as a stable foundation If we consider a market as a system, then ignorance of the differences between theoretical assumptions and actual price changes can be viewed as factors acting on the system The behavior of a system normally works contrary to the factors affecting it This is reminiscent of the principle that Le Shatel e applied to thermodynamic systems.

The Personal Profile is the first J2ME-based version of the PersonalJava runtime environment. Rather than existing separately from J2ME, the new Personal Profile builds on top of the Foundation Profile by adding the classes that are necessary for running PersonalJava applications on a CDC-based device. The minimum memory requirements are significantly higher than the Foundation Profile 2.5MB of non-volatile memory and 1MB of volatile memory. Perhaps the biggest addition that the Personal Profile brings to the Foundation Profile is that the Personal Profile includes the user interface classes from PersonalJava.

CGI scripts were the first method introduced to enhance Web server abilities by allowing them to pass certain HTTP requests to server-side programs that implemented a standard request/response method and return the output of the program as the HTTP response. CGI scripts have been notorious as sources of security holes, mostly because of the ad hoc mode in which they are thrown together. Please refer to 5, Code Review, for some of the issues related to writing secure programs and a short description on securing Perl scripts, the programming language of choice for many CGI programmers. The security issues with CGI include the following:

How can a system reduce the factor of ignorance It can wipe out all traders who rely on wrong assumptions The stock market crash on October 19, 1987, is a reminder When we measure lengths of objects, we can make bigger or smaller errors, but we are never exact The deviation between the measured amount and true length is the error But when we observe a big price change between yesterday and today s closing prices, this is no error This change is a fact Recognizing the limitations of Bachelier s legacy (Mandelbrot and Hudson 2004), there are new approaches that try to capture the most significant features of price changes Among those are: Variations of ARCH models (Robert Engle s 2003 Nobel Prize in Economics) such as FIGARCH (Baillie et al.